All About Dyes

No virtuoso really k directlys how or when people first larn that colouring materials could be taken from pictorial materials to be transferred onto stone, wood, clay, skin, or cloth. more a(prenominal) primal discoveries were probably chanceal a section of cloth varnished brown by someone sitting on iron-rich soil a cooks hands absorbed people of colour from food during preparation. An refer for seeming is next to human nature. Color perceives life, things, moods and movements as well as taste. Can you imagine a va allow devoid of color? indisputable as shooting non. For example, an art aficionado weednot properly appreciate Michelangelos painting of The Last Supper if it lacks color beca practice session color depicts the theme of that painting. Mercifully, prerequisite continuously comes into play for as they say, necessity is the mother of all inventions. Mans necessity drove him to be resourceful and make things come in of nothing either by accident or sheer fo rce of nature, to fulfill his needs and improve the operates of others.The denudation of people of colour materials much(prenominal) as tinges were the by-products of a mans never-ceasing thinking cap, signaling a domino effect to the invention of artificial dyestuffsdyes produced from chemical infusions. This paper will discuss the common in appointation one has to go over in order to know the bene admits people gain from using dyes and to use it with concern on its set up on the environment and on the drug user itself. The process of tie-up-dyeing, a method common in many societies and in the room assiduity, will excessively be discussed as a form of craftsmanship and an fudgenative to the different fashion trends universe followed today.Origin and tarradiddle A dye is a subject capable of coloring materials such(prenominal) as frameworks, paper or plastics and is chiefly applied in a solution or dispersion. Dyes, as said ar usually of inbred origin but n owadays ar all synthetically made. versatile discoveries were made by leading chemists such as Peter Woulfe, Michael Faraday and Sir William hydrogen Perkin as the long time progressed. Earliest records of using dyestuffs dates way back 2600 B. C. in chinaware. As no chemical-producing colors were yet to be invented, colors were derived by inherent means.Natural dyes such as quercitron, a black oak trees bark yields a yellow dye, and cudbear, a red or purple dye obtained from lichens use as a colorant in pharmaceutic preparations were some early sources. Cudbear is another natural dye patent by its discoverer Dr. Cuthbert Gordon. From dated artifacts and early manuscripts we know that long in advance the Christian era many civilizations in various parts of the world were using dyes and pigments for many purposes. every dyes available to men from antiquity came from natural sources.Most of these were vegetable extracts and a few were from animal products a touristy example o f which was the Tyrian purple dye derived from a Mediterranean mollusk murex, utilised for the emperors robes and tunic (http//www. dyesonline. net). Hence, the colors produced from these sources were scarce and limited. The middle Ages and early years of the Renaissance saw the dye in break upry spread from the easterly Mediterranean toward the west and northward into Europe. It is said that there were some cc dye enterprises in Jerusalem during the 12th century.In 1160 A. D, Jewish dyers gained square off westward and took control of most of the Italian dye industry. Florence, Italy in the fourteenth century was famous for their dye works. As the Renaissance progressed and Europe began importing indigo and other dyes, controversy arose concerning the handling and control of foreign dyestuffs (http//www. herbsociety-stu. org/Dyeing. htm). Dyes were too a part of the ancient Egyptian civilization. Proofs were unearthed Egyptian mummies wrapped a cloth biased red, probably from t he juice of the m agreeer plant.Even horse parsley the Great of Macedonia fooled his adversaries by sprinkling red dye on his soldiers to deceive that they were mortally wounded. Based on legend, dyes were a part of a Roman civilization. The demi-god Hercules discovered Tyrian purple, when his dog bit a snail which stain his jaw purple. It apprise be explained why most of the kings and queens robes were usually purple. The color indigo is found in many ex quilts, both in cloth dyed by traditional methods of bathing tub dyeing, and fabric that has been synthetically-dyed.In Malaysia and Indonesia, a method called Batik dyeing was utilize in ancient clock times. It employs wax treatment to the cloth beforehand to produced extra middling designs and patterns to the cloth. From natural dyes came the discovery of producing synthetic dyes that can be use comfortably and can adopt well when applied into different kind s of surfaces and fabrics. The British chemist, Peter Woulfe, treated the natural dye indigo with azotic acid to reach picric acid. Though able to stain various materials yellow, it was not used for this purpose until the late 1840s (http//www. micro. magnet. fsu. du/micro/gallery. html). The birth synthetic dyes started with the discovery of Scottish chemist, Sir William Henry Perkin of mauve or mauveine, a ghastly purple dye obtained from crude aniline, and the first synthetic dye to be manufactured and used. This break through with(predicate) opened the possibilities of creating a potpourri of dyes through the subtraction of materials. The emergence of synthetic dye industries phased out the previously used natural dyes among manufacturers. Composition Chief compositions of dyes are substances synthesized from aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, benzene and naphthalene.Traditionally, hydrocarbons were derived from a raw material called coal tar. Coal tar is a thick black liquid obtained by the destructive distillation of bituminous c oal in coke oven or retort to give such important products such as benzene, discovered by Michael Faraday, phenol, naphthalene and creosote. As the wee-wee suggests, hydrocarbons are compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only (Sakheim and Lehman, p. 248). Sources of hydrocarbons are crude oil and natural gas. Classification Dyes are classified in several ways.They whitethorn be classified to the fiber or materials to which they are applied or on their chemical contents. Types of dyes imply direct or substantive dyes, which can color fabrics with the aid of an affixing agent called mordant disperse dyes, which are generally used to dye nylon and other hydrophobic fibers, the fiber-reactive dyes, mordant dyes and vat dyes (Abrahart, p. 7). tubful dyes such as indigo are commonly used for cotton plant and other cellulosic fibers. Direct dyes are cheaper in usage because it can be applied by just apparently dipping the fabric in the solution. regression toward the mean rate o r the rate of how fast a dye stains a material may depend on the pressure, heat and the ability of the substance to permeate the given material. early(a) types include Azo dyes. It is the largest group of dyes. All types of azo dyes amount to over one thousand and are commercially the most important class of synthetic coloring (http//www. dyesonline. net). Forms Forms of dyes include pulverisation, granules, pastes, liquids, pellets and chips to guinea pig different kinds of surfaces and fabric textures and withal for flexibility in application. Liquid and disintegrate dyes are generally for fabrics.Forms of dyes are alternated to best adopt to heat, weather conditions, ultra-violet rays and in addition in reinforcing fiber, free from heavy metals. Methods The process of dyeing may be done depending on the specific dye to be used as well as the material on which it will be applied. Silk, woollen and some other textiles may, for instance, be directly applied by plain dipping th em into the colorant (http//micro. magnet. fsu. edu/micro/gallery/dyes. html). In the Philippines, the method of dyeing involves dissolving the disintegrate dye into boiling pissing.The t-shirt to be dyed beforehand is even with condom bands on desired area of the shirts to create circular designs or prints. Other method involves the use of vats and the affixing agent mordant for better color cohesiveness. Uses Anything can be tie dyed T-shirts, jeans, sheets, pillowcases, fabric, scarves, and sportswear. From acting as colorants in plastics as well as in the field of biotechnology, Dyes were commercially used in the textile industry for variations in fabric colors such as in t-shirts, handkerchief, draperies and other fabrics.The world of art has never been the uniform again since the emergence of different color variations from acrylic supplies. The first acrylic-based color was Prussian blue. In the field of cosmetics, vibrissa dyes were invented. The first tomentum cereb ri coloring was sold in 1907 in France. In 1956, Miss Clairol became the first in-home hair dye that was also used as a shampoo (Buckley, p. 72). picture taking also benefited from the invention of dyes. Men deal Eastman-Kodak, Daguerre and Niecephore made used of dyes in their attempt to improve photography by putting in colorful forms (Rigg and Stone, p. 8). Dyes are also used as a colorant for food and drinks. carbonate drinks, junk foods and preserved foods make use of dyes to stimulate appetite among its patrons. Other dye applications includes paper and pulp products, adhesives, art supplies, beverages, ceramics, construction materials, glass, paints, polymers, soaps and in the industry of inking and tinting. Modern technology made money and investments in this industry. Without dyes, we never would study colored printed documents from the computer.In fashion, dyed shawls became a part of a somebodys accessory. Beautiful sarongs and malongs with varying styles and designs can be seen almost all over on the beach. Men and women a handle cannot resist showing off their fashion statements, whether in or out of the sun. Dyes are an integral part of Microbiology. Dyes are used to make microorganisms distinctly visible and or to differentiate them. watch glass violet (C-8650) and safranine (S-0700) are the two dyes that are used in Grams stain, a technique of staining to classify bacteria respectively.In it, a bacterial specimen is stained with crystal violet, by and by it is treated with iodine solution, decolorized with alcohol and lastly again counter-stained with safranine. It has been found out that Gram-positive bacteria is able to retain the violet stain, while Gram-negative cannot (http//dyespigments,com/applications. html). Tie-Dyeing Tie-dyeing method is common to hand-loom weavers of the ancient times and became popular in the revitalisation of craft in the 1960s. It is used to decorate curtains and table cloths but is now been utilized to cr eate artistic designs on casual frock.Since then tie-dyed clothes and cloths are now a common feature in craft fairs. Even though tie-dyeing is truly an art, the process can involve ordinary people and engage them in relatively easy methods on figure their clothes. First, the materials to be used must be prepared. Home tie-dyeing do not require any chemicals of some sort thus removing the risks of raging exposures. Materials include cotton t-shirt, dye in various colors, rubber gloves, rubber bands, salt, alloy containers, and water.The rubber gloves do not only prevent the person to color his or her own hands with dye but also prevents unhealthful dusts common in dye powders. Mixing containers are used in mixing dyes to have different colors and also used for dipping the clothes. The rubber bands will be used to tie the shirts. Other safety instruments like a face mask should be used. The next step is to tie portions of the shirt. Different techniques in tying can create diffe rent patterns and designs. Basically, the areas trussed by the rubber bands become the border of colors.Through random or patterned ties, horizontal pleats create vertical stripes and vice versa, one can create designs using the rubber bands. However, one should make sure that the ties are tight to prevent the dye from penetrating and coloring the full cloth. Using the instructions provided by the manufacturer, mix the dyes accordingly in ramify containers. Some powder dyes generally require to be mixed in boiling or hot water in order to dissolve. Do so carefully. One may also combine colors to create other desired but unavailable ones. After it is mixed add a few teaspoons of salt to the mixture.The salt can help score the pigment of the dye. Using rubber gloves, swirl the tied shirt in the dye mixture, immersing different areas in different dye colors. Leave the areas lactating for about an hour for it to fully absorb the colors. After soaking let th shirts sit and dry for a bout 3-4 hours. After drying rinse it with water and remove the rubber bands. Tie-dyeing is usually constituted with trial and error. The maker cannot really see the designs made by his or her ties. However one should ever so make sure that the ties are tight. Also, proper working clothes should also be worn. Old clothes are suggested and rubber gloves are required.Lastly, always protect work areas with old impertinentlyspapers and other protective materials to prevent it from being colored. Environmental Issues and wellness Hazards For one thing, dyes are toxic. As synthetic dye industries began to flourish with time, certainly, there is need to produce dyes in large quantities and efficiencies. And since dyes are chemically synthesized, environmental hazards were encountered by dye manufacturers and textile companies. In the research, Health Hazards in the Dye Industry, A. K. Smith, M. D. hazards concerning chemical compounds threaten workers in crowded dye industries of severe diseases.Smith saw the mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids used to nitrate benzine or toluene components as very stern to workers exposed on such mixed acids. Nitrous fumes also causes severe respiratory conditions together with atomized acids including nitric peroxide which can be inhaled by workers in the industry. Hair products like hair dyes in cosmetics are said to be harmful to the scalp when a person changes his hair color frequently. Chemicals like AZO in dyes can easily finish up the scalp and may cause itchiness, allergies and irritation, even crabby person as new studies shows.In the world today, we are exposed to many agents, some of them of course occurring and some of them man-made, that either cause direct genetic damage or therefore might be able to produce cancers, or which alter our hormone levels which might encourage cancerous cells to grow. Powder dye in particular can cause adverse health effects like asthma, eczema, and severe allergic reactions on peop le exposed to its dust. The handling of powder dye and its transfer from large to small containers releases dust which may be inhaled or may stick on a workers skin.This exposure to dust are also perceived to be a source of cancer due to its potent occupational carnocinogen (Wallace). From the invention of the first synthetic natural dyes in mid 19th century till late sixties, textile world was oblivious of the hazardous effects of textile dyes on humans, existent species and environment in general. Also, then came the pay offings of the various Research Institutes of Europe who were engaged in the field of Textile research, that some of these dyes are potentially carcinogenic.The manufacturing of Eco-labeled dyes are now being promoted to increase awareness on the adverse effects of using dyes on human health and on the environment. Though many new policies are making it hard for the dye industry to survive, these new regulations are necessary for human and environmental welfar e. The extensive use of dyes oftentimes poses pollution problems in the form of colored wastewater discharge into environmental water bodies, said by R. Kaur, TPS Walia, and Sumanjit in a research presented in the Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences. A lot of cases throughout the undivided world are reported about the roles of dyes in connection with variety of skin, lung, and other respiratory disorders. They also added that the chemicals in dyeing processes causes variations in wastewater chracteristics like pH, color, and chemical oxygen demand. These changes in characteristics prevents typical wastewater treatment facilities and procedures from handling contaminated waters effectively. In 2006, the Yellow River in China has been reported to have turned red caused by the discharge of dyed water in the river (AP, 2006).China is known to be a major(ip) user of dyes even in the ancient past and is still using it in large quantities. The accident turned a half-mile secti on of the river into brilliant red due to spill and then feared to have some toxic effects on the people around the area. It would take some time in chemistry to produce products that are environment-friendly. People should do their look at in making this world a healthy place to live in. Conclusion Certainly colors are everywhere. People can find it even in the most unexpected materials. Dyeing has been used for thousands of years already starting with soil and certain leaves as sources of colors.Now certain chemicals can be used to create artificial colors in decorating cloths for various uses. Dyes are also being utilized in fashion, through hair coloring and clothings. Various forms, powder, liquid, or chips are made to fit in every methods. Regardless of its many uses, careful application should be maintained in order not only to protect ourselves from its hazardous implications but also to prevent our environment from deteriorating due to wastes. Still, one can never erase t he diverse benefits people have from using dyes, simply on its adding of color in their life.Online Sourceshttp//micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/dyes.html March 01,2004 http//dyespigments,com/applications.html http//www.herbsociety-stu.org/Dyeing.htm. http//www.dyesonline.net http//www.tokyopop.com/Robofish/tp_article/286950.htmlhttp//www.greenbeans.co.nz/ index finger.php?main_page=index&cPath=265_209http//www.wormspit.com/dyeing.htmhttp//www.pburch.net/dyeing/howtotiedye.shtml